The Ukrainian city of Mariupol is facing particularly brutal devastation following a second failed attempt to evacuate civilians from the area. Deputy Prime Minister Iryna Vereshchuk says more than 1,300 people have died in Russian forces’ 10-day siege of the southern port. City officials have resorted to burying casualties in mass graves.

An airstrike on a maternity hospital Wednesday killed three people, including one child, and injured 17 more – among them women waiting to give birth, physicians, and other medical personnel. The attack has prompted Ukrainian leaders and Western officials alike to declare Moscow guilty of war crimes.

The 430,000 residents of Mariupol currently have no water, electricity, heat, telephone service, or internet access, according to the Associated Press. Daytime temperatures usually hover just around freezing, with nights dipping lower.

More than two million refugees have now fled the country as a whole. The dire circumstances have already eclipsed the International Organization for Migration’s “worst case scenario” contingency planning.

Many leaving Ukraine’s capital city Kyiv have had to traverse the Irpin river on precarious wooden planks serving as a temporary bridge. Among those fortunate enough to make it out this week was Ukrainian Ihor Diekov, who saw dead bodies along the road and heard gunshots as he traveled to Poland.

“The Russians promised to provide a [humanitarian] corridor which they did not comply with. They were shooting civilians,” Diekov said. “That’s absolutely true. I witnessed it. People were scared.”

Another refugee, Ilya Ivanov, also recalled seeing “corpses of civilians,” and said Russian forces were targeting “civilians with machine guns,” according to ABC News. Countless others have arrived in neighboring European countries with similar witness accounts, which may ultimately help build a robust war crimes case against Russia.